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Introduction to Creation Myths: A Comparative Analysis of Global Narratives
Kweshen
1. What do creation myths reveal about a culture's values, beliefs, and understanding of the world?
2. How do creation myths influence the development of religions, traditions, and social structures within various cultures?
3. What common themes and patterns can be found in creation myths across different cultures, and what might these shared elements reveal about human nature?
4. How have creation myths evolved over time in response to changes in human knowledge, scientific understanding, and cultural shifts?
5. To what extent do creation myths continue to shape modern-day narratives, art, and popular culture, and how might they inspire future creative works?
Thesis :
The purpose of Embarking upon a comprehensive exploration of creation myths within the context of cultural values and societal development, this scholarly endeavor aspires to elucidate the profound and enduring impact of such narratives on the genesis and formation of diverse religious systems, customs, and social frameworks across myriad civilizations. A thorough examination of these myths unveils a tapestry of shared themes and patterns, offering invaluable insights into the fundamental nature of humanity. Furthermore, a diachronic analysis of these myths unveils their dynamic evolution in response to the ever-expanding realm of human knowledge, scientific progress, and the metamorphosis of cultural landscapes. Consequently, this study accentuates the persistent relevance of creation myths in shaping contemporary storytelling, RELIGION, creative endeavors, and their potential for inspiring future generations. This paper on global creation myths could explore and analyze these questions, contributing to a deeper understanding of the role these stories play in human societies and how they reflect our ongoing quest to comprehend our existence and place in the universe.
Introduction
Humanity in all it's wisdom and science still struggles with the one correct narrative of creation. Every culture and people have their own views and ideas about their origins, which formulates their religions based on their folklore. The written folkllores are more authoritative but no necessarily true, faith and belief then drives their acceptability into doctrine and dogma. The Watcher will take you through a variety of these theories, don't be emotional but objective as we persue the ancient narratives which have formulated our theologies.
Creation myths are intrinsic to human cultures, as they encapsulate the core beliefs, values, behaviours and historical backgrounds of diverse societies. This comparative analysis examines seven notable creation myths from different regions of the world: Western (Americus) , Northern (European) , Eastern (Asian) and Southern (Afrika). As we delve into these narratives, we aim to shed light on the similarities and differences among these stories and unravel how they influence our understanding of the genesis of humanity. Our approach maintains a scholarly neutrality concerning the validity of each myth, emphasizing the rich cultural diversity embedded within these tales.
The master farmer must take their thinking tool (past present and future.. Then North, South East and West) as a campus to this study, so that you can think globally and act locally.
1. Western Creation Myths (Americus)
A. Abrahamic Myths - Genesis/Torah/
Genesis 1:1, the very first verse of the Hebrew Bible, is typically translated as follows:
"In the beginning, God (Elohim, God/Gods/the enlitenned or enlightened Ones created the heavens and the earth."
"In the or in Beginnining Elohim/God! Elohims/Gods created the heavens and the earth."
As mentioned earlier, in this context, "Elohim" is understood as a plural (polytheism) of majesty, referring to the singularity (monotheism) God.
Quaran While Christianity, Islam, and Judaism are three distinct religions, share common roots and have many similarities in their creation stories.
In the cosmogonic narratives of the three principal Abrahamic faiths—Judaism, Christianity, and Islam—the foundational premise invariably entails an omnipotent, singular divine entity initiating the cosmos' fabrication ex nihilo. This concept signifies creation from a state of absolute void, albeit accounting for the primordial elements of darkness, water, and the animating principle therein. In the Christian tradition, this divinely orchestrated cosmological sequence is expounded in the Book of Genesis, constituting the Old Testament canon, which is, in essence, a shared textual cornerstone with Judaism, as encapsulated in the Torah. The Islamic perspective on the cosmic origin story is articulated in the sacred text of the Quran, maintaining concordance with its Abrahamic counterparts concerning the solitary, transcendent creator orchestrating the universe's manifestation.
All three stories start with the creation of light, followed by the creation of the heavens and the earth, the separation of land and water, the creation of plants, celestial bodies, animals, and finally humans. However, there are some differences in the details.
In the Christian and Jewish accounts, God creates the world in six days and rests on the seventh day, establishing the Sabbath. This concept is not present in the Islamic story, where the six periods of creation are referred to as "ayyam" and there is no mention of a day of rest.
B. Mayan Creation Myth - Popol Vuh (Tedlock, 1996)
The Mayan creation myth involves the divine twins Hunahpu and Xbalanque, who defeat the gods of the underworld and create humanity from maize dough.
The Popol Vuh, a Mayan sacred narrative, contains the creation story of the Maya people. According to the text, the gods of the underworld invited the Hero Twins, Hunahpu and Xbalanque, to play a game of Pok Ta Pok, a Maya Ballgame. The twins' victory over the lords of Xibalba, the underworld, is a key element in the story.
The Popol Vuh, which means "Book of the Community" or "Book of Counsel," was originally preserved through oral tradition until it was recorded in writing around 1550. The text chronicles the creation of humankind, the actions of the gods, the origin and history of the K’iche’ people, and the chronology of their kings down to 1550.
It's important to note that while the Popol Vuh is often compared to the Bible, it is not considered sacred scripture by the Maya. Instead, it is viewed as an account of "the ancient word" and the Quiche Maya's understanding of cosmology and creation before Christianity.
C. Incan Creation Myth - Viracocha and the Creation of Humans (Christie, 2013)
Viracocha emerges from Lake Titicaca and creates the sun, moon, stars, and humans from clay.
2. Northern (Europe) Creation Myths
A. Norse Creation Myth - Ymir and the Nine Realms (Lindow, 2001)
Ymir, a giant born from fire and ice, has his body used to create the world by the gods Odin, Vili, and Vé, with the first humans, Ask and Embla, formed from trees.
In Norse mythology, the universe consists of nine interconnected worlds, collectively known as the Nine Realms. These realms are held within the branches and roots of the world tree, Yggdrasil, which connects each realm. Here's a list of the Nine Realms and their characteristics:
1. Asgard: Home of the Aesir gods, such as Odin, Thor, and Loki. It's a majestic realm with golden palaces and halls.
2. Vanaheim: Home of the Vanir gods, a branch of deities associated with fertility, wisdom, and magic.
3. Alfheim: Realm of the light elves, who are considered guardians of nature and possess magical powers.
4. Midgard: The realm of humans, which is connected to Asgard by the rainbow bridge, Bifrost.
5. Jotunheim: Home of the frost giants, or Jotnar, who are often in conflict with the gods of Asgard.
6. Nidavellir: A dark and subterranean realm inhabited by dwarves, known for their skill in crafting weapons and treasures.
7. Svartalfheim: Home of the dark elves, who are considered skilled craftsmen and are sometimes associated with dwarves.
8. Muspelheim: A fiery realm of chaos and destruction, ruled by the fire giant Surtr.
9. Niflheim: A cold and misty realm of ice and snow, home to the dragon Nidhogg and the dishonorable dead.
In the Norse creation myth, the giant Ymir was formed from the meeting of fire and ice in the primordial void, Ginnungagap. Odin and his brothers Vili and Vé eventually defeated Ymir and used his body parts to create the world. The first humans, Ask and Embla, were formed from trees and given life by the gods. This creation myth reflects the cyclical nature of life, with death leading to new beginnings and the constant struggle between order and chaos.
It would be very interesting to compare the 9months of birth with the 9realm and mystery of the number 9..ehen you multiply any number by 9 the answer is 9...
B. Greek Creation Myth - Gaia and Ouranos (Hesiod, 2008)
Gaia, the Earth, and Ouranos, the sky, give birth to various beings, including the Titans, Cyclopes, and Hecatoncheires. Humans were formed by Prometheus using clay.
In Greek mythology, the creation story begins with Chaos, an empty void from which the first primordial deities emerged. Among these deities were Gaia (Earth) and Ouranos (Sky), who became the parents of the first generation of gods, monsters, and other creatures.
1. Gaia and Ouranos mated, and from their union came the 12 Titans, including Cronus, Rhea, and Atlas. The Titans were powerful beings, often associated with various aspects of the natural world.
2. In addition to the Titans, Gaia and Ouranos also gave birth to the Cyclopes, one-eyed giants known for their immense strength and skill in crafting weapons, and the Hecatoncheires, monstrous creatures with 100 hands and 50 heads.
3. Ouranos, fearing the power of his children, banished the Cyclopes and Hecatoncheires to the underworld, Tartarus. This angered Gaia, who devised a plan with her Titan son, Cronus, to overthrow Ouranos.
4. Cronus castrated Ouranos, separating the sky from the earth. This act allowed the Titans to rule the cosmos, with Cronus as their leader.
5. Cronus, however, feared that his children would overthrow him just as he had done to Ouranos. He swallowed his children, including the Olympian gods like Zeus and Poseidon, as soon as they were born.
6. Zeus (note also jesus - ie-zus or iesus- son of zeus) , hidden and raised in secret, eventually overthrew Cronus with the help of his siblings and released his swallowed siblings. This event led to the Titanomachy, a war between the Olympian gods and Titans, which resulted in the Olympians' victory.
7. After the war, Zeus became the ruler of the Olympian gods and established a new order. Prometheus, a Titan who sided with the Olympians, was tasked with creating humans from clay. He sculpted the figures and Athena breathed life into them.
The Greek creation myth sets the stage for many stories of the gods and heroes that would follow, reflecting the importance of power dynamics, family relationships, and the concept of divine intervention in the lives of mortals.
3.. Eastern (Asia) Creation Myths
A. Chinese Creation Myth - Pangu and the Cosmic Egg (Ying-Shih Yu, 2001)
This myth tells the story of Pangu, a primordial giant born from a cosmic egg containing the chaotic mixture of yin and yang energies. Pangu's body formed the physical elements of the universe after his death, with humans being created from the parasites on his body.
The Chinese creation myth of Pangu is a fascinating story that blends elements of Daoist philosophy with traditional Chinese beliefs about the origin of the universe. Here are some additional details:
1. According to the myth, the universe began as a formless, chaotic mixture of yin (darkness, cold, and femininity) and yang (light, heat, and masculinity) energies contained within a giant cosmic egg.
2. Pangu (on karanga Pangu means belonging to me.. Mine.. Me) was born from this egg and is often depicted as a giant figure with horns, fur, and a hairy body.
3. For 18,000 years, Pangu pushed against the sides of the egg, separating the yin and yang energies and creating the heavens and earth.
4. When Pangu died, his body became the physical elements of the world: his eyes became the sun and moon, his breath the wind, his blood the rivers, his hair the plants and trees, and his bones the minerals.
5. Humans were created from the parasites that lived on Pangu's body, symbolizing the interconnectedness of all living things in the universe.
B.
I. Hindu Creation Myth - Brahma and the Cosmic Egg (Fowler, 2012)
The Hindu creation myth tells the story of the god Brahma emerging from a golden egg and creating the universe. Humans were created by Brahma's son, Daksha, and his wife, who gave birth to the first woman.
II. In Buddhism, the concept of creation is quite different from other religions or mythologies. Buddhism doesn't have a single creator deity that is responsible for creating the universe or life as we know it. Instead, the Buddhist worldview focuses on the concept of cyclical time, or samsara, and the interdependence of all things.
According to Buddhist thought, the universe goes through infinite cycles of birth, death, and rebirth. This belief includes the concept of dependent origination, or pratītyasamutpāda, which states that everything arises in dependence on other factors and is impermanent.
The Buddha himself remained silent on the subject of creation, as his primary focus was on teaching the path to enlightenment and liberation from suffering. As such, Buddhism emphasizes that the origin of the universe and the process of creation are ultimately unknowable, and it's more beneficial to focus on understanding the nature of existence and how to achieve liberation.
Buddhism doesn't provide a definitive answer on the question of creation. Instead, it encourages individuals to focus on understanding the impermanent and interconnected nature of reality and work towards transcending suffering.
4.. Southern (Afrika) Creation Myths
ANGONI.. Nguni - Amidst the primordial swamp, the genesis of existence unfurled, heralded by Unkulunkulu—the grand, grand father of all things.. Umkkhulu waboMhukulu-mhkulu kunabomhkulu. In the Nguni tongue, he was reverently referred to as Umdali (Xhosa) , the Creator, and Umvelinqangi,
Mvelinchanti, mlentengamunye! (Swati) who is Mzali the parent in (Xhosa) the very essence of the Beginning. As the eternal force that permeates all life, Unkulunkulu embodied the spirit of Smakade/smakade, (Swati) the One who lives forever, an unending presence in the lives of all his creations.
In the mythology of the Nguni people, Unkulunkulu sculpted the first humans from the earth's clay, fashioning their forms with care and divine wisdom. He then breathed life into these figures, endowing them with the faculties to reason, communicate, and propagate, thus giving birth to the amaZulu—the "people of heaven." Angoni - the nation of the righteous, abangoni.
Unkulunkulu's role as the primordial architect and supreme ancestor underlines the deep reverence the Nguni hold for their lineage and the interconnectedness between the human, animal, and plant realms as represented by their toetems. This abiding connection with Unkulunkulu, the Umdali, serves as a guiding light for the Nguni people, shaping their culture and customs as they navigate life's tribulations, never forgetting the indomitable spirit of Smakade that dwells within them.
The myth of Unkulunkulu) an adultereted Umkkhulu waboMhkuku) , intertwined with these sacred names and titles, offers invaluable insights into the profound cosmological beliefs of the Nguni/Zulu (the children of the heavens) people, enriching our comprehension of their vibrant cultural heritage.
B. Yoruba Creation Myth - Olodumare and Orisha (Awolalu, 1979)
Olodumare, the supreme being, tasks Orisha with creating the Earth. Humans are formed by Orisha using earth and divine breath.
In the Yoruba creation myth, a pantheon of gods, or Orishas, play significant roles in the formation of the world. Here is an expansion on the major gods involved in the myth:
1. Olodumare: Also known as Olorun or Eleda, Olodumare is the supreme being and the creator of the universe. Olodumare is believed to be omnipotent and transcendent, often depicted as a distant, genderless, and all-encompassing force.
2. Orisha: The term "Orisha" can refer to the collective of Yoruba gods or to individual deities. Some of the major Orishas involved in the creation myth include:
- Obatala: The Orisha of creation and purity, Obatala is responsible for crafting the physical world and humans using earth and divine breath.
- Ogun: The Orisha of iron, war, and technology, Ogun helps Obatala clear the path for creation.
- Oshun: The Orisha of love, beauty, and fresh water, Oshun is responsible for the creation of rivers and is often associated with fertility and healing.
C. The Shona Creation Myth: Mwari and the Formation of Life
The Shona/Karanga (Ka-spirit Ra-Light Nga-wisdom of healing) people of Zimbabwe possess a rich creation myth that serves as a foundation for their cultural identity and beliefs. The story centers around the supreme deity Mwari (mwari the one inside us) , who is responsible for the creation of humanity and all life on Earth.
The myth begins with Mwari creating the first man, Mwedzi, whose name translates to "the moon." Following this, Mwari creates a woman named Hweva, meaning "morning star," and gives her to Mwedzi as his wife. Mwari instructs Hweva (morning star) to return to heaven after living with Mwedzi for two years. During their time together, Mwedzi and Hweva become intimate, resulting in Hweva's stomach swelling overnight. She gives birth to all kinds of vegetation. After two years, Hweva leaves Mwedzi and returns to heaven as per Mwari's instructions.
In Hweva's absence, Mwari sends another woman, Vhenekeratsvimborume, the "evening star," to be Mwedzi's wife for another two years. Like Hweva, Vhenekeratsvimborume becomes pregnant after spending a night with Mwedzi. She gives birth to various animals and birds before her time on Earth concludes, and she returns to heaven.
After Vhenekeratsvimborume departs, Mwari observes that Mwedzi is lonely and desires companionship. In response, Mwari creates a permanent wife for Mwedzi named Maramu, meaning "ripe fruit." Unlike the previous wives, Maramu does not become pregnant immediately. Instead, Mwari instructs her to only give birth to children when she chooses to do so. Maramu and Mwedzi remain together, forming the ancestral lineage of the Shona people.
The Shona creation myth highlights essential themes such as divine intervention, fertility, and human desires. Mwari, as the creator deity, plays a vital role in shaping the world and ensuring the continued existence of life. The myth also establishes a connection between the Shona people and the celestial realm, further emphasizing their spiritual beliefs and values.
D. Khoisan mythology is quite fascinating, as it blends the beliefs of two distinct cultures: the Khoekhoe (or Khoikhoi) and the San (or Ju). Both of these tribes have their own deities and myths, leading to a rich tapestry of creation stories.
One prominent character in Khoisan mythology is Kaang, who is credited as the creator of the world. In these myths, Kaang is often associated with bringing order to the world after the chaos unleashed by fire. Humans and animals turned to Kaang for restoration, and he responded by establishing strict laws and teaching important values like respect and cooperation.
E. The Sotho Creation Myth: Kgotsi and the Emergence of Life
The Sotho people of South Africa have a creation myth that revolves around the divine creator, Kgotsi (also known as Modimo), who is believed to have created all life and existence. This myth, like many other creation stories, serves as a foundation for the cultural beliefs and values of the Sotho people.
In the beginning, Kgotsi resided in the sky and created the Earth below. To initiate life on Earth, Kgotsi made a monumental decision – he cut off his pinky finger and allowed it to fall to Earth. The pinky finger began to grow, transforming into a gigantic tree that connected the Earth and the sky. This tree became the first living entity on Earth and served as a source of life for the diverse creatures yet to be formed.
Following this, Kgotsi sent ants down the tree trunk to excavate holes into the soil. These holes would become the Earth's rivers, valleys, and other geographical features. As Kgotsi's creations were preparing the Earth, he meticulously crafted various animals, assigning each creature a unique role in the intricate web of life.
Realizing the absence of intelligent beings on Earth, Kgotsi created the first humans: a man named Molimo oa Nthuse (meaning "God of Help") and a woman named Mokoeneya oa Nthuse ("Support of Help"). The man and woman lived in harmony with nature and reproduced, resulting in the growth of the Sotho population.
Throughout the Sotho creation myth, the concept of interconnectedness is emphasized, as each aspect of creation contributes to the establishment and sustenance of life on Earth. The myth serves as a testament to the Sotho people's reverence for nature and their understanding of the divine forces that govern existence.
F. Egyptian/Kemit mythology presents a complex and multifaceted account of creation. Several versions exist, with varying gods taking center stage. Here's one of the more well-known accounts:
In beginning, there was Nun, the primordial waters of chaos. Out of Nun arose Atum, the creator god, who was the source of all elements of the universe. In the Heliopolitan cosmogony, Atum was considered to be the first god, and he embodied the creative force of the universe.
To start the process of creation, Atum mated with his own shadow, giving birth to the gods Shu (air) and Tefnut (moisture). This union represented the separation of the sky and earth, creating space for life to emerge. Shu and Tefnut then gave birth to Geb (earth) and Nut (sky), representing the foundation for life and the vast heavens above.
Geb and Nut, in turn, gave birth to Osiris, Isis, Seth, and Nephthys, who became the prominent deities in Egyptian mythology. Osiris was associated with fertility, rebirth, and the afterlife; Isis with magic and motherhood;
G. The Sumerian version of the creation myth is quite unique, featuring the Anunnaki, a group of deities who play a central role in the Sumerian cosmology. Here is a brief overview of the Sumerian creation story:
In the beginning, there was only the primordial sea, or "Abzu," and the sky, "An." From the union of Abzu and An emerged the first gods, including Enki, the god of wisdom and fresh water, and Enlil, the god of wind and storm.
As the pantheon grew, the gods decided to create the world. They assigned the task to Enki, who, with the help of his mother Nammu, the goddess of the sea, created the first humans from clay mixed with the blood of a slain god. These first humans were created to serve the gods and work the land.
The Anunnaki, meaning "those who came down from the sky," were introduced later in the Sumerian mythology. They were believed to be a group of powerful deities (Elohim..yhd Watchers ) who descended to Earth from the heavens, bringing knowledge and civilization to humans.
In the Book of Enoch, the Watchers, also known as the "fallen angels," are said to have taught humans various skills and knowledge. Here's a list of some of the things they are believed to have taught:
1. Metallurgy and weapon-making, leading to the creation of swords, shields, and other instruments of war.
2. Magic and sorcery, including the use of spells, incantations, and divination.
3. The art of writing, enabling humans to record their history, knowledge, and wisdom.
4. Astrology and astronomy, allowing humans to understand the movements of the celestial bodies and predict events based on their positions.
5. Cosmetics and beautification techniques, including the use of makeup, jewelry, and clothing to enhance physical appearance.
6. Agriculture and animal husbandry, providing humans with a stable food source and the ability to domesticate animals.
7. Medicine, teaching humans how to heal various ailments and injuries using herbs, potions, and other remedies.
These teachings, while beneficial in some ways, ultimately led to corruption and violence among humanity, which is believed to have been a major factor in the decision to punish the Watchers and bring about the Great Flood.
H. The Dogon (Afrika) creation story is quite complex and fascinating! Here's a brief overview:
The Dogon believe that the creator deity, Amma, mated with the Earth goddess. However, because Amma was prevented from joining with the goddess's clitoris, which took the form of a giant termite mound, their union produced only an imperfect offspring—a desert fox or jackal.
Later, Amma created Nommo, the first living creature, who multiplied into four pairs of twins. When one of these twins rebelled against the universal order, Amma sacrificed another of Nommo's offspring and scattered the dismembered body parts throughout the universe. The Dogon believe that wherever these body parts fell, a shrine was erected.
According to Dogon oral tradition, their first settlement was established at Kani-Na, near the Bandiagara escarpment. Over time, the Dogon have developed a rich mythology and unique cosmology that continues to intrigue scholars and visitors alike.
SUMMARY
This vibrant knowledge wheel of global creation myths, uncovers a rich blend of narratives that attempt to explain our origins and existence. While these myths originate from diverse cultures and backgrounds, they often share common themes, including the creation of order from chaos, the pivotal role of divine beings in shaping our world, and the formation of humanity from rudimentary elements. By exploring these fascinating tales, we enhance our appreciation for the complexity of human existence and the intricate ways in which different cultures have sought to comprehend the universe and our place within it. These myths not only deepen our understanding of the past but also serve as a testament to the power of storytelling and the human quest for meaning.
Arguing from a perspective that views creation myths as stories rather than literal truths, it could be said that the ultimate truth may lie beyond the realm of these narratives. The truth may encompass scientific explanations, historical events, or a combination of both. In this context, let's explore some possibilities:
1. Scientific explanations: Science offers a wealth of evidence-based knowledge about the universe's origins and the evolution of life on Earth. The Big Bang theory, for instance, provides a well-supported scientific account of how the universe came into existence, while the theory of evolution explains the emergence and diversification of life forms over millions of years. Scientific discoveries and theories can provide a tangible and empirical foundation for understanding our origins and existence.
2. Historical events: While creation myths might not be literally true, they may contain kernels of truth rooted in actual historical events. For example, stories of great floods or cataclysmic events could be based on real disasters that ancient people experienced and incorporated into their myths. By examining historical records and archaeological evidence, we can piece together a more accurate understanding of the past and the events that shaped our world.
3. Combining science and history: It's possible that the truth about our origins lies at the intersection of scientific explanations and historical events. By integrating empirical evidence with historical records and cultural narratives, we can develop a more comprehensive understanding of our world and the forces that have shaped it. This holistic approach allows us to appreciate the richness of human experience and the diverse ways in which different cultures have sought to make sense of the world around them.
While creation myths are captivating stories that offer valuable insights into the human condition, the search for truth must extend beyond these narratives to encompass scientific evidence and historical records. By integrating these different sources of knowledge, we can deepen our understanding of the universe and our place within it.
FOT (FARMERS OF THOUGHT)
Maponga Jiii Marara Chigaramboko ChangaMbire Svosve
REFERENCE
1. "The Popol Vuh: The Mayan Book of the Dawn of Life" by Dennis Tedlock
2. "Norse Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs" by John Lindow
3. "Theogony" by Hesiod, translated by M. L. West
4. "The Four Chinese Classics: Tao Te Ching, Analects, Chuang Tzu, Mencius" translated by David Hinton
5. "The Epic of Gilgamesh" translated by Andrew George
6. "The Bhagavad Gita" translated by Eknath Easwaran
7. "The Book of Genesis" from the Bible
8. "The Dreamtime: Australian Aboriginal Myths" by Ainslie Roberts
9. "The Prose Edda" by Snorri Sturluson
10. "The Maya Popol Vuh: The Definitive Edition of the Mayan Book of the Dawn of Life and the Glories of Gods and Kings" translated by Dennis Tedlock
11. "The Ramayana" translated by Ramesh Menon - This epic Indian tale includes elements of Hindu creation mythology.
12. "The Navajo Origin Legend" as collected by Aileen O'Bryan - This text provides an account of the Navajo creation myth.
13. "African Mythology" by Geoffrey Parrinder - A collection of African myths and legends, including stories of creation.
14. "Egyptian Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Goddesses, and Traditions of Ancient Egypt" by Geraldine Pinch - This book offers insight into Egyptian creation stories, such as the myths of Atum, Ra, and the Ennead.
15. "The Babylonian Creation Myth: Enuma Elish" translated by N. K. Sandars - This Akkadian epic poem tells the Babylonian creation myth, in which the god Marduk defeats Tiamat and creates the world from her remains.
You can now give me a doctorate... Mahala...
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